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First Quarter Highlights
SAN JOSE, Calif., Dec. 01, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Zscaler, Inc. (Nasdaq: ZS), the leader in cloud security, today announced financial results for its first quarter of fiscal year 2023, ended October 31, 2022.
"We delivered strong top line growth with improved operating profitability and increased free cash flow, once again performing at the Rule-of-80. We are seeing customers committing to our broader platform, driven by vendor consolidation and an elevated threat environment," said Jay Chaudhry, Chairman and CEO of Zscaler. "Customers are engaging with us to embrace zero trust architecture, eliminate point products, simplify IT and standardize on the Zscaler platform, all of which delivers better security and lower cost.”
First Quarter Fiscal 2023 Financial Highlights
Recent Business Highlights
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Effective August 1, 2022, the beginning of our fiscal year ending July 31, 2023, we adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2020-06, Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40), using the modified retrospective transition method. The adoption of this standard resulted in the elimination of the debt discount and related amortization as interest expense and the classification of the portion of the debt issuance costs initially allocated to equity within the carrying amount of our senior convertible debt, which will be amortized as interest expense. Additionally, ASU 2020-06 amended the calculation of diluted earnings per share for certain convertible debt instruments, eliminating the treasury stock method and requiring the use of the if-converted method to compute the underlying potentially diluted shares. Accordingly, to account for the potentially diluted shares related to our senior convertible notes, we are required to add back the non-GAAP interest expense to our non-GAAP net income and include approximately 7.63 million shares related to our senior convertible notes beginning in our first quarter of fiscal year 2023.
Financial Outlook
For the second quarter of fiscal 2023, we expect:
For the full year fiscal 2023, we expect:
These statements are forward-looking and actual results may differ materially. Refer to the Forward-Looking Statements safe harbor below for information on the factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements.
Guidance for non-GAAP income from operations excludes stock-based compensation expense and related employer payroll taxes, amortization expense of acquired intangible assets, amortization of debt discount and issuance costs. As a result of the adoption of ASU 2020-06 on August 1, 2022, guidance for non-GAAP net income per share uses the if-converted method to calculate the potentially diluted shares related to the convertible senior notes. Accordingly, we are required to add back the non-GAAP interest expense to our non-GAAP net income and include approximately 7.63 million shares related to our senior convertible notes. Additionally, we include the anti-dilutive impact of the capped call transactions entered into in connection with the convertible senior notes. We have not reconciled our expectations to non-GAAP income from operations and non-GAAP net income per share to their most directly comparable GAAP measures because certain items are out of our control or cannot be reasonably predicted. Accordingly, a reconciliation for the guidance for non-GAAP income from operations and non-GAAP net income per share is not available without unreasonable effort.
Conference Call and Webcast Information
Zscaler will host a conference call for analysts and investors to discuss its first quarter fiscal 2023 and outlook for its second quarter of fiscal 2023 and full year fiscal 2023 today at 1:30 p.m. Pacific time (4:30 p.m. Eastern time).
| Date: | Thursday, December 1, 2022 |
| Time: | 1:30 p.m. PT |
| Webcast: | https://ir.zscaler.com |
| Dial-in: | To join by phone, register at the following link ( https://register.vevent.com/register/BI9b4b8cd8fd434135a0efc391d5d57450 ). After registering, you will be provided with a dial-in number and personal PIN required to join the call. |
Upcoming Conferences
Second quarter of fiscal 2023 investor conference participation schedule:
Sessions which offer a webcast will be available on the Investor Relations section of the Zscaler website at https://ir.zscaler.com.
Forward-Looking Statements
This press release contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, statements regarding our future financial and operating performance, including our financial outlook for the second quarter of fiscal 2023 and full year fiscal 2023. There are a significant number of factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from statements made in this press release, including but not limited to: macroeconomic factors such as the duration and global impact of COVID-19, effects of inflation and international conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine crisis on our business, operations and financial results and the economy in general; our limited operating history; our ability to identify and effectively implement the necessary changes to address execution challenges; risks associated with managing our rapid growth, including fluctuations from period to period; our limited experience with new product and subscription and support introductions and the risks associated with new products and subscription and support offerings, including the discovery of software bugs; our ability to attract and retain new customers; the failure to timely develop and achieve market acceptance of new products and subscriptions as well as existing products and subscription and support; rapidly evolving technological developments in the market for network security products and subscription and support offerings and our ability to remain competitive; length of sales cycles; and general market, political, economic and business conditions.
Additional risks and uncertainties that could affect our financial results are included under the captions “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” set forth from time to time in our filings and reports with the Security Exchange Commission (SEC), including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2022 filed on September 15, 2022, as well as future filings and reports by us, copies of which are available on our website at ir.zscaler.com and on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. You should not rely on these forward-looking statements, as actual outcomes and results may differ materially from those contemplated by these forward-looking statements as a result of such risks and uncertainties. Additional information will also be set forth in other filings that we make with the SEC from time to time. All forward-looking statements in this press release are based on information available to us as of the date hereof, and we do not assume any obligation to update the forward-looking statements provided to reflect events that occur or circumstances that exist after the date on which they were made.
Use of Non-GAAP Financial Information
We believe that the presentation of non-GAAP financial information provides important supplemental information to management and investors regarding financial and business trends relating to our financial condition and results of operations. For further information regarding why we believe that these non-GAAP measures provide useful information to investors, the specific manner in which management uses these measures, and some of the limitations associated with the use of these measures, please refer to the “Explanation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section of this press release.
About Zscaler
Zscaler (Nasdaq: ZS) accelerates digital transformation so customers can be more agile, efficient, resilient, and secure. The Zscaler Zero Trust Exchange protects thousands of customers from cyberattacks and data loss by securely connecting users, devices, and applications in any location. Distributed across more than 150 data centers globally, the SSE-based Zero Trust Exchange is the world’s largest in-line cloud security platform.
Zscaler™ and the other trademarks listed at https://www.zscaler.com/legal/trademarks are either (i) registered trademarks or service marks or (ii) trademarks or service marks of Zscaler, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Any other trademarks are the properties of their respective owners.
Investor Relations Contacts
Bill Choi, CFA
SVP, Investor Relations and Strategic Finance
(408) 816-1478
ir@zscaler.com
Natalia Wodecki
Media Relations Contact
press@zscaler.com
| ZSCALER, INC. | |||||||
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations | |||||||
| (in thousands, except per share amounts) | |||||||
| (unaudited) | |||||||
| Three Months Ended | |||||||
| October 31, | |||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||
| Revenue | $ | 355,548 | $ | 230,517 | |||
| Cost of revenue (1) (2) | 76,697 | 52,169 | |||||
| Gross profit | 278,851 | 178,348 | |||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||
| Sales and marketing (1) (2) | 228,836 | 153,786 | |||||
| Research and development (1) (2) | 74,946 | 65,216 | |||||
| General and administrative (1) | 44,156 | 33,717 | |||||
| Total operating expenses | 347,938 | 252,719 | |||||
| Loss from operations | (69,087 | ) | (74,371 | ) | |||
| Interest income | 7,865 | 473 | |||||
| Interest expense (3) (4) | (1,331 | ) | (13,835 | ) | |||
| Other expense, net | (863 | ) | (589 | ) | |||
| Loss before income taxes | (63,416 | ) | (88,322 | ) | |||
| Provision for income taxes | 4,746 | 2,479 | |||||
| Net loss | $ | (68,162 | ) | $ | (90,801 | ) | |
| Net loss per share, basic and diluted | $ | (0.48 | ) | $ | (0.65 | ) | |
| Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted | 143,476 | 139,296 | |||||
(1) Includes stock-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes as follows:
| Cost of revenue | $ | 8,661 | $ | 5,319 | |||
| Sales and marketing | 55,469 | 43,464 | |||||
| Research and development | 25,233 | 28,570 | |||||
| General and administrative | 19,273 | 18,741 | |||||
| Total | $ | 108,636 | $ | 96,094 |
(2) Includes amortization expense of acquired intangible assets as follows:
| Cost of revenue | $ | 1,939 | $ | 2,056 | |||
| Sales and marketing | 178 | 170 | |||||
| Research and development | 435 | — | |||||
| Total | $ | 2,552 | $ | 2,226 |
| (3) Includes amortization of debt discount and issuance costs as follows (4): | $ | 972 | $ | 13,476 |
(4) Effective August 1, 2022, we adopted ASU 2020-06 using the modified retrospective method under which prior period amounts have not been adjusted. The adoption of this standard resulted in the elimination of the debt discount and related amortization as interest expense and the classification of the portion of the debt issuance costs initially allocated to equity within the carrying amount of the senior convertible notes, which will be amortized as interest expense.
| ZSCALER, INC. | |||||||
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | |||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||
| (unaudited) | |||||||
| October 31, | July 31, | ||||||
| 2022 | 2022 | ||||||
| Assets | |||||||
| Current assets: | |||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,084,945 | $ | 1,013,210 | |||
| Short-term investments | 739,845 | 718,129 | |||||
| Accounts receivable, net | 268,718 | 399,745 | |||||
| Deferred contract acquisition costs | 90,004 | 86,210 | |||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 49,849 | 39,353 | |||||
| Total current assets | 2,233,361 | 2,256,647 | |||||
| Property and equipment, net | 183,425 | 160,633 | |||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | 76,199 | 72,357 | |||||
| Deferred contract acquisition costs, noncurrent | 211,468 | 210,792 | |||||
| Acquired intangible assets, net | 29,267 | 31,819 | |||||
| Goodwill | 78,547 | 78,547 | |||||
| Other noncurrent assets | 23,465 | 21,870 | |||||
| Total assets | $ | 2,835,732 | $ | 2,832,665 | |||
| Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | |||||||
| Current liabilities: | |||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | 29,717 | $ | 26,154 | |||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 60,229 | 46,496 | |||||
| Accrued compensation | 79,587 | 111,948 | |||||
| Deferred revenue | 913,104 | 923,749 | |||||
| Operating lease liabilities | 28,646 | 26,100 | |||||
| Total current liabilities | 1,111,283 | 1,134,447 | |||||
| Convertible senior notes, net (1) | 1,139,542 | 968,674 | |||||
| Deferred revenue, noncurrent | 92,609 | 97,374 | |||||
| Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent | 51,065 | 50,948 | |||||
| Other noncurrent liabilities | 9,958 | 7,922 | |||||
| Total liabilities | 2,404,457 | 2,259,365 | |||||
| Stockholders’ Equity | |||||||
| Common stock | 144 | 143 | |||||
| Additional paid-in capital | 1,425,156 | 1,590,885 | |||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (37,824 | ) | (25,850 | ) | |||
| Accumulated deficit | (956,201 | ) | (991,878 | ) | |||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 431,275 | 573,300 | |||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 2,835,732 | $ | 2,832,665 | |||
_________
(1) Effective August 1, 2022, we adopted ASU 2020-06 using the modified retrospective method under which prior period amounts have not been adjusted. The adoption of this standard resulted in the elimination of the debt discount and the classification of the portion of the debt issuance costs initially allocated to equity within the carrying amount of our senior convertible debt, which will be recognized as interest expense.
| ZSCALER, INC. | |||||||
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | |||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||
| (unaudited) | |||||||
| Three Months Ended | |||||||
| October 31, | |||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||
| Cash Flows from Operating Activities | |||||||
| Net loss | $ | (68,162 | ) | $ | (90,801 | ) | |
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||
| Depreciation and amortization expense | 11,876 | 9,017 | |||||
| Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets | 2,552 | 2,226 | |||||
| Amortization of deferred contract acquisition costs | 22,325 | 14,912 | |||||
| Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs (1) | 972 | 13,476 | |||||
| Non-cash operating lease costs | 7,108 | 6,031 | |||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | 105,173 | 89,903 | |||||
| Amortization (accretion) of investments purchased at a premium (discount) | (165 | ) | 2,671 | ||||
| Deferred income taxes | 65 | (223 | ) | ||||
| Other | 248 | (13 | ) | ||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities | |||||||
| Accounts receivable | 130,636 | 84,927 | |||||
| Deferred contract acquisition costs | (26,795 | ) | (23,985 | ) | |||
| Prepaid expenses, other current and noncurrent assets | (7,579 | ) | (4,126 | ) | |||
| Accounts payable | 3,000 | (1,088 | ) | ||||
| Accrued expenses, other current and noncurrent liabilities | 3,627 | (192 | ) | ||||
| Accrued compensation | (32,797 | ) | (20,955 | ) | |||
| Deferred revenue | (15,340 | ) | 17,381 | ||||
| Operating lease liabilities | (8,287 | ) | (5,890 | ) | |||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 128,457 | 93,271 | |||||
| Cash Flows from Investing Activities | |||||||
| Purchases of property, equipment and other assets | (25,202 | ) | (6,454 | ) | |||
| Capitalized internal-use software | (7,641 | ) | (3,450 | ) | |||
| Strategic investments | (700 | ) | — | ||||
| Purchases of short-term investments | (210,255 | ) | (312,840 | ) | |||
| Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments | 186,096 | 322,677 | |||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (57,702 | ) | (67 | ) | |||
| Cash Flows from Financing Activities | |||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options | 982 | 2,644 | |||||
| Payment of deferred consideration related to business acquisitions | — | (50 | ) | ||||
| Other | (2 | ) | — | ||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 980 | 2,594 | |||||
| Net increase in cash and cash equivalents (2) | 71,735 | 95,798 | |||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period (2) | 1,013,210 | 275,898 | |||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of period (2) | $ | 1,084,945 | $ | 371,696 | |||
_________
(1) Effective August 1, 2022, we adopted ASU 2020-06 using the modified retrospective method under which prior period amounts have not been adjusted. The adoption of this standard resulted in the elimination of the debt discount and related amortization as interest expense and the classification of the portion of the debt issuance costs initially allocated to equity within the carrying amount of the senior convertible notes, which will be amortized as interest expense.
(2) We did not hold restricted cash for any periods presented.
| ZSCALER, INC. | |||||||
| Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures | |||||||
| (in thousands, except percentages) | |||||||
| (unaudited) | |||||||
| Three Months Ended | |||||||
| October 31, | |||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||
| Revenue | $ | 355,548 | $ | 230,517 | |||
| Non-GAAP Gross Profit and Non-GAAP Gross Margin | |||||||
| GAAP gross profit | $ | 278,851 | $ | 178,348 | |||
| Add: Stock-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes | 8,661 | 5,319 | |||||
| Add: Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets | 1,939 | 2,056 | |||||
| Non-GAAP gross profit | $ | 289,451 | $ | 185,723 | |||
| GAAP gross margin | 78 | % | 77 | % | |||
| Non-GAAP gross margin | 81 | % | 81 | % | |||
| Non-GAAP Income from Operations and Non-GAAP Operating Margin | |||||||
| GAAP loss from operations | $ | (69,087 | ) | $ | (74,371 | ) | |
| Add: Stock-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes | 108,636 | 96,094 | |||||
| Add: Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets | 2,552 | 2,226 | |||||
| Non-GAAP income from operations | $ | 42,101 | $ | 23,949 | |||
| GAAP operating margin | (19 | )% | (32 | )% | |||
| Non-GAAP operating margin | 12 | % | 10 | % | |||
| ZSCALER, INC. | |||||||
| Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures | |||||||
| (in thousands, except per share amounts) | |||||||
| (unaudited) | |||||||
| Three Months Ended | |||||||
| October 31, | |||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||
| Non-GAAP Net Income per Share, Diluted | |||||||
| GAAP net loss | $ | (68,162 | ) | $ | (90,801 | ) | |
| Stock-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes | 108,636 | 96,094 | |||||
| Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets | 2,552 | 2,226 | |||||
| Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs (1) | 972 | 13,476 | |||||
| Benefit for income taxes (2) | — | — | |||||
| Non-GAAP net income | $ | 43,998 | $ | 20,995 | |||
| Add: Non-GAAP interest expense (1) | 359 | — | |||||
| Numerator used in computing non-GAAP net income per share, diluted | $ | 44,357 | $ | 20,995 | |||
| GAAP net loss per share, diluted | $ | (0.48 | ) | $ | (0.65 | ) | |
| Stock-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes | 0.70 | 0.65 | |||||
| Amortization expense of acquired intangible assets | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||||
| Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | 0.01 | 0.09 | |||||
| Benefit for income taxes (2) | — | — | |||||
| Non-GAAP interest expense (1) | — | — | |||||
| Adjustment to total fully diluted earnings per share (3) | 0.04 | 0.03 | |||||
| Non-GAAP net income per share, diluted (1) | $ | 0.29 | $ | 0.14 | |||
| Weighted-average shares used in computing GAAP net loss per share, diluted | 143,476 | 139,296 | |||||
| Add: Outstanding equity incentive awards | 3,689 | 7,559 | |||||
| Add: Senior convertible notes (1) | 7,626 | 3,385 | |||||
| Less: Antidilutive impact of capped call transactions (4) | (588 | ) | (2,699 | ) | |||
| Weighted-average shares used in computing non-GAAP net income per share, diluted (1) | 154,203 | 147,541 | |||||
___________
(1) Effective August 1, 2022, we adopted ASU 2020-06 using the modified retrospective method under which prior period amounts have not been adjusted. The adoption of this standard resulted in the elimination of the debt discount and related amortization as interest expense and the classification of the portion of the debt issuance costs initially allocated to equity within the carrying amount of the senior convertible notes, which will be amortized as interest expense. Additionally, this standard amended the calculation of diluted earnings per share for certain convertible debt instruments, eliminating the treasury stock method and requiring the use of the if-converted method to compute the underlying potentially diluted shares. Accordingly, to account for the potentially diluted shares related to the senior convertible notes, we are required to add back the non-GAAP interest expense to our non-GAAP net income and include approximately 7.63 million shares related to the senior convertible notes beginning in our first quarter of fiscal year 2023.
(2) We use our GAAP provision for income taxes for purposes of determining our non-GAAP income tax expense. The difference between our GAAP and non-GAAP income tax expense represents the effects of stock-based compensation expense recognized in foreign jurisdictions. The income tax benefit related to stock-based compensation expense included in the GAAP provision for income taxes was not material for all periods presented.
(3) The sum of the fully diluted earnings per share impact of individual reconciling items may not total to fully diluted non-GAAP net income per share due to the weighted-average shares used in computing the GAAP net loss per share differing from the weighted-average shares used in computing the non-GAAP net income per share and due to rounding of the individual reconciling items. The GAAP net loss per share calculation uses a lower share count as it excludes potentially dilutive shares, which are included in calculating the non-GAAP net income per share.
(4) We exclude the in-the-money portion of the convertible senior notes for non-GAAP weighted-average diluted shares as they are covered by our capped call transactions. Our outstanding capped call transactions are antidilutive under GAAP, but are expected to mitigate the dilutive effect of the convertible notes and therefore are included in the calculation of non-GAAP diluted shares outstanding.
| ZSCALER, INC. | |||||||
| Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures | |||||||
| (in thousands, except percentages) | |||||||
| (unaudited) | |||||||
| Three Months Ended | |||||||
| October 31, | |||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||
| Calculated billings | |||||||
| Revenue | $ | 355,548 | $ | 230,517 | |||
| Add: Total deferred revenue, end of period | 1,005,713 | 647,816 | |||||
| Less: Total deferred revenue, beginning of period | (1,021,123 | ) | (630,601 | ) | |||
| Calculated billings | $ | 340,138 | $ | 247,732 | |||
| Free cash flow | |||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 128,457 | $ | 93,271 | |||
| Less: Purchases of property, equipment and other assets | (25,202 | ) | (6,454 | ) | |||
| Less: Capitalized internal-use software | (7,641 | ) | (3,450 | ) | |||
| Free cash flow | $ | 95,614 | $ | 83,367 | |||
| Free cash flow margin | |||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities, as a percentage of revenue | 36 | % | 40 | % | |||
| Less: Purchases of property, equipment and other assets, as a percentage of revenue | (7 | )% | (3 | )% | |||
| Less: Capitalized internal-use software, as a percentage of revenue | (2 | )% | (1 | )% | |||
| Free cash flow margin | 27 | % | 36 | % | |||
ZSCALER, INC.
Explanation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to our results determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP), we believe the following non-GAAP measures are useful in evaluating our operating performance. We use the following non-GAAP financial information to evaluate our ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that non-GAAP financial information, when taken collectively, may be helpful to investors because it provides consistency and comparability with past financial performance. However, non-GAAP financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with GAAP. In particular, free cash flow is not a substitute for cash provided by operating activities. Additionally, the utility of free cash flow as a measure of our liquidity is further limited as it does not represent the total increase or decrease in our cash balance for a given period. In addition, other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate similarly-titled non-GAAP measures differently or may use other measures to evaluate their performance, all of which could reduce the usefulness of our non-GAAP financial measures as tools for comparison. A reconciliation of our historical non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable financial measures stated in accordance with GAAP has been included in this press release. Investors are cautioned that there are a number of limitations associated with the use of non-GAAP financial measures and key metrics as analytical tools. Investors are encouraged to review these reconciliations, and not to rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.
Expenses Excluded from Non-GAAP Measures
Stock-based compensation expense is excluded primarily because it is a non-cash expense that management believes is not reflective of our ongoing operational performance. Employer payroll taxes related to stock-based compensation, which is a cash expense, are excluded because these are tied to the timing and size of the exercise or vesting of the underlying equity awards and the price of our common stock at the time of vesting or exercise, which may vary from period to period independent of the operating performance of our business. Amortization expense of intangible assets acquired in business acquisitions and related income tax effects, if applicable, are excluded because these are considered by management to be outside of our core business operating performance. Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs from the convertible senior notes are excluded because these are non-cash expenses and are not reflective of our ongoing operational performance. We estimate the tax effect of these items on our non-GAAP results and may adjust our GAAP provision for income taxes, if such effects have a material impact to our non-GAAP results.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Non-GAAP Gross Profit and Non-GAAP Gross Margin. We define non-GAAP gross profit as GAAP gross profit excluding stock-based compensation expense and related employer payroll taxes and amortization expense of acquired intangible assets. We define non-GAAP gross margin as non-GAAP gross profit as a percentage of revenue.
Non-GAAP Income from Operations and Non-GAAP Operating Margin. We define non-GAAP income from operations as GAAP loss from operations excluding stock-based compensation expense and related employer payroll taxes and amortization expense of acquired intangible assets. We define non-GAAP operating margin as non-GAAP income from operations as a percentage of revenue.
Non-GAAP Net Income per Share, Diluted. We define non-GAAP net income as GAAP net loss excluding stock-based compensation expense and related employer payroll taxes, amortization expense of acquired intangible assets, amortization of debt discount and issuance costs, and income tax effects generated by the effects of stock-based compensation expense recognized in foreign jurisdictions. We define non-GAAP net income per share, diluted, as non-GAAP net income plus the non-GAAP interest expense divided by the weighted-average diluted shares outstanding, which includes the effect of potentially diluted common stock equivalents outstanding during the period and the anti-dilutive impact of the capped call transactions entered into in connection with the convertible senior notes.
Calculated Billings. We define calculated billings as total revenue plus the change in deferred revenue in a period. Calculated billings in any particular period aims to reflect amounts invoiced for subscriptions to access our cloud platform, together with related support services for our new and existing customers. We typically invoice our customers annually in advance, and to a lesser extent quarterly in advance, monthly in advance or multi-year in advance.
Free Cash Flow and Free Cash Flow Margin. We define free cash flow as net cash provided by operating activities less purchases of property, equipment and other assets and capitalized internal-use software. We define free cash flow margin as free cash flow divided by revenue. We believe that free cash flow and free cash flow margin are useful indicators of liquidity that provide information to management and investors about the amount of cash generated from our operations that, after the investments in property, equipment and other assets and capitalized internal-use software, can be used for strategic initiatives.