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TAIPEI, Taiwan (AP) — His writing won China’s first Nobel Prize for Literature, but is it patriotic enough for Xi Jinping’s China? That’s the question at the center of a high-profile lawsuit that has driven a debate about nationalism in China in recent weeks.
Patriotic campaigns have become more common in recent years in China, as online nationalists attack journalists, writers or other public figures they say have offended the country's dignity, but it is unusual for a figure as prominent as Mo Yan to be targeted.
Patriotic blogger Wu Wanzheng, who goes by “Truth-Telling Mao Xinghuo” online, filed suit against the novelist last month under a 2018 law that made insulting heroes and martyrs a crime punishable by up to three years in prison. Wu claims that Mo's books smeared the ruling Communist Party's reputation, “beautified” enemy Japanese soldiers and insulted former revolutionary leader Mao Zedong.
The law is part of Xi’s campaign to fight “historical nihilism,” a catch-all phrase the party uses for any interpretation of historical events that runs counter to its official narrative.
Mo, whose real name is Guan Moye, won the Nobel in 2012. He is known for portraying rural life in China and delving into some of the downsides of the country’s rapid economic development.
“Literature and art should expose the darkness and injustice of society,” he said in 2005 while accepting an honorary doctorate from a Hong Kong university. But the 69-year-old has had few conflicts with Beijing.
In 2011, he became vice chairman of the state-backed Chinese Writers Association. After he received the Nobel a year later, a top party official praised him as an “outstanding representative” of China’s rising economic might and international influence.
Wu's suit demands that the author apologize to all Chinese people, the country’s martyrs and Mao, and pay damages of 1.5 billion yuan ($209 million) – 1 yuan for each Chinese person. He also requested that Mo’s books be removed from circulation.
It seems unlikely that Wu will win the suit. The Chinese government has not formally commented on the saga, but state-run tabloid Global Times on Tuesday published a story quoting a recent speech by Mo, indirectly signaling support for the author.
The blogger said on Chinese social media platform Weibo that a Beijing court rejected his first suit because Wu failed to provide Mo’s home address. Now, Wu is trying to file a public interest lawsuit instead. The Associated Press could not independently verify his claims because the court has not made documents from the case public.
Sharp-tongued media commentator and former editor of Global Times Hu Xijin also criticized Wu, calling his attempt to sue Mo a “farce” and a “populist” act. On Weibo, Hu decried support for the action as “a very alarming trend in online public opinion.”
In return, Wu threatened to sue Hu too.
Online, discussion was divided, while some called it a reflection of growing nationalism in China.
“Mo Yan, your novel Red Sorghum smears the heroes and martyrs and glorifies the factual evidence of the invading Japanese army,” wrote one Weibo user. “You’ve sinned against the nation.”
Others condemned the accusers. “Stay away from those around you who support suing Mo Yan,” wrote one commenter. “Sooner or later, they will turn around and rip into every sane person around you.”
The controversy has trended during the past couple of weeks on Weibo, where the hashtag #MoYanbeingsued had gathered almost 2 million views on Tuesday. At least one other related hashtag has been censored.
Murong Xuecun, a well-known Chinese writer who lives in exile in Australia, said he sees no evidence the government is backing the targeting of Mo, but it has created an environment where such patriotic attacks are encouraged.
“This trend has incited people to report, to inform on and to expose each other, targeting those who diverge from mainstream ideologies or promote universal values,” he said. “That’s what authorities have been doing.”
Scores of people have been arrested under the 2018 law and other similar laws, including an investigative reporter who challenged China’s official casualty numbers in a border skirmish with India in 2021 and a former editor of a financial magazine who questioned official justifications for China’s involvement in the Korean War.
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Associated Press researcher Wanqing Chen in Beijing contributed to this report.